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However, the observations of trained observers at that time are worth noting because they may bear on later genomic analysis of the recently resurrected 1918 virus nucleotide fragments (,The virus of 1918 was undoubtedly uniquely virulent, although most patients experienced symptoms of typical influenza with a 3- to 5-day fever followed by complete recovery. A similar isolation frequency has been achieved during a period of six H3N2 outbreaks since 1972/3. 1987 Mar;15(4):259-65. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90147-9.Sonoguchi T, Sakoh M, Kunita N, Satsuta K, Noriki H, Fukumi H.J Infect Dis. Delayed mutation and consequent evolutionary stasis in an animal host are not unreasonable, but in what host? The H1N1 strains were isolated less frequent … Evidence suggests that true pandemics with changes in hemagglutinin subtypes arise from genetic reassortment with animal influenza A viruses.Three worldwide (pandemic) influenza outbreaks occurred in the last century. II. After the 1977 pandemic, the H1N1 strain of flu re-appeared annually as seasonal flu but this year it underwent a radical genetic change to become another pandemic strain. 1979 Oct;110(4):449-61. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112826.J Virol Methods. The H1N1 strains were isolated less frequently from late specimens (collected 4--6 days from the onset of illness) and more often only in the second passage compared with the H3N2 viruses. Previously, antigenic variation had been noted, but never had it been of a sufficient degree to compromise vaccine-induced immunity (,In the interest of full disclosure, I predicted the possibility of an imminent pandemic in an op ed piece published in The New York Times on February 13, 1976 (.I wish only to note here that my unyielding position on the need for vaccine production and immediate vaccination (not stockpiling) had its basis in what science could be brought to bear in an unprecedented situation. In studies conducted in separate and disparate populations (,A decreasing incidence of clinically manifested cases can be ascribed either to the increase in antibody levels in the community or to a change in the intrinsic virulence of the virus. II. As a case in point, I am not satisfied that we have sufficiently examined immunity to the N1 antigen of the H5N1 pandemic-candidate virus. Three worldwide (pandemic) outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of a new influenza A virus that is very different from current and recently circulating human seasonal influenza A viruses. 1977: Russian Flu, a Juvenile, Age-restricted Pandemic, and the Return of Human H1N1 Virus. If so, can we be less concerned about the threat of contemporary epizootics?Yes, we can prepare, but with the realization that no amount of hand washing, hand wringing, public education, or gauze masks will do the trick (.But vaccination against what? Had the virus been in a deep freeze? If serially (and cryptically) transmitted in humans, antigenic drift should have led to many changes after 2 decades. -,Arch Virol. Primary contributions have been to understanding of influenza virus structure, genetics, molecular epidemiology, and pathogenesis. A study (.As in 1957, a new influenza pandemic arose in Southeast Asia and acquired the sobriquet Hong Kong influenza on the basis of the site of its emergence to western attention. Emerg Infect Dis.
However, tests defining the HA antigen of the virus showed it to be unlike any previously found in humans.
The nature of the disease in the post-pandemic period.Independent variation in nature of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of influenza virus: distinctiveness of the hemagglutinin antigen of Hong Kong-68 virus.Effect of neuraminidase antibody on Hong Kong influenza.Multinational Influenza Seasonal Morbidity Study Group.Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong pandemic: evidence for a smoldering pandemic.Protection against Hong Kong influenza by adjuvant vaccine containing A2-Ann Arbor-67.Importance of antigenic composition of influenza virus vaccine in protecting against the natural disease.Influenza A prime: a clinical study of an epidemic caused by a new strain of virus.The total influenza vaccine failure of 1947 revisited: major intrasubtypic antigenic change can explain failure of vaccine in a post-World War II epidemic.Influenza pandemics: can we predict the unpredictable?Future influenza vaccines and the use of genetic recombinants.Generation and evaluation of a high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate.Influenza Pandemics of the 21th Century: the Murky Crystal Ball,Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influenza after Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, Hong Kong, China,Effects of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on Other Common Infections, Taiwan,Influenza A Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh,Table of Contents – Volume 12, Number 1—January 2006,U.S. 1975 Jun;4(2):127-9 I.
It quickly became apparent that this rapidly spreading epidemic was almost entirely restricted to persons <25 years of age and that, in general, the disease was mild, although characterized by typical symptoms of influenza. However, they return in winter to produce disease in conditions favoring transmission: indoor crowding and decreased relative humidity.
The finding resolves a long-standing puzzle about the way flu outbreaks spread, and could help control future epidemics. The virus was included in the 1978–79 vaccine.While not nearly as severe as the others, there was a fourth influenza pandemic in the 20th century.