European diseases decimated Indigenous populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation. The police party apprehended a number of Aboriginal people; two men were implicated, tried by a tribunal from members of the expedition, found guilty and hanged. A typical drive would take three to four months and contained two miles (3 km) of cattle six abreast.
During the 1790s and early 19th century the British established small settlements along the Australian coastline. The main food supply at first came from hunting deer, turkeys, and other abundant game. A hundred rural Mormon settlements sprang up in what Young called "Deseret", which he ruled as a theocracy. Political Killings in Kansas territory, 1854–1861".
The typical New England settlements were quite compact and small, under a square mile. [174] This exodus has become known as The Trail of Tears (in Cherokee "Nunna dual Tsuny", "The Trail Where they Cried").
The game must be played according to the rules. The nearest railheads were 800 or more miles (1300+ km) north in Kansas (Abilene, Kansas City, Dodge City, and Wichita). In some cases these involved sneaking into the opposition camp at night and silently killing one or more members of the group.
[28] The goals sought by both parties in the 1790–1820 era were to grow the economy, avoid draining away the skilled workers needed in the East, distribute the land wisely, sell it at prices that were reasonable to settlers yet high enough to pay off the national debt, clear legal titles, and create a diversified Western economy that would be closely interconnected with the settled areas with minimal risk of a breakaway movement. As Indian reservations sprang up, the military set up forts to protect them. The cattle had to be watched day and night as they were prone to stampedes and straying.
Graham concludes the mania was founded on genuine opportunity, as well as "exaggeration, gullibility, inadequate communications, dishonesty, and incompetence". He identified these layers as multiple "frontiers" over three centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining frontier, and the logging frontier. [244] In Virginia City, Nevada, a prostitute, Julia Bulette, was one of the few who achieved "respectable" status.
Manuscript collections such as the William James Anderson, Jr. Papers and the George William Burke Papers include diaries and letters describing life in Missouri during the early 1800s and relating the experiences of pioneers traveling on the frontier.
Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling".
The Wilderness Road was steep and rough, and it could only be traversed on foot or horseback, but it was the best route for thousands of settlers moving into Kentucky.
[17], The seaboard colonial settlements gave priority to land ownership for individual farmers, and as the population grew they pushed westward for fresh farmland. [159], The fearful stayed home. [134] Within the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, conflicts arose among the Five Civilized Tribes, most of which sided with the South being slaveholders themselves.[135].
[270][271] These vigilance committees reflected different occupations in the frontier, such as land clubs, cattlemen's associations and mining camps. Housing in San Francisco was at a premium, and abandoned ships whose crews had headed for the mines were often converted to temporary lodging.
More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps, but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were able to achieve preëminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less successful. "[32] However raiding parties sometimes came through. Swiss artist Karl Bodmer made compelling landscapes and portraits. While camping every night, cowboys would often sing to their herd to keep them calm. At San Jacinto, Sam Houston, commander-in-chief of the Texian Army and future President of the Republic of Texas famously shouted "Remember the Alamo! The work was highly physical, using horse-drawn plows and scrapers, and manual picks, axes, sledgehammers, and handcarts. [146], The Morrill Act of 1862 provided land grants to states to begin colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts (engineering). As the Cincinnati Herald asked, what would the U.S. do with eight million Mexicans "with their idol worship, heathen superstition, and degraded mongrel races? [4][308][309], Anchoring the booming cattle industry of the 1860s and 1870s were the cattle towns in Kansas and Missouri. Muir, based in California, in 1889 started organizing support to preserve the sequoias in the Yosemite Valley; Congress did pass the Yosemite National Park bill (1890).