See below for 15 stories of social movements that defied the odds and learn how philanthropy played a role in achieving their life-changing results. They have, in fact, seemed to undermine the efforts of the AAM and encouraged the Pretoria regime and its allies. In the same year SWAPO launched the armed struggle in Namibia.
Here, US foundations helped to facilitate dialogue (on- and off-record) to benefit opposition leaders. Moreover, as a result of the collapse of Portuguese colonialism and the advances of the national liberation struggles in southern Africa, a crisis of power of considerable acuteness has now come to prevail in the region. The history of the AAM shows that specific campaigns can mobilize thousands of people on crucial issues and at the same time serve to deepen their understanding of the situation. As we enter the 1980's the challenge before the AAM is greater than ever. The major Western powers have become explicitly involved by helping to sustain the apartheid system whilst others have begun to increase their support for the liberation struggle. The work of the new Movement grew, in spite of a waning of the initial enthusiastic support as a result of the media presentation of the Congo crisis. PART II - PERSPECTIVES OF THE ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT FOR THE 1980's. Youu must continue your writing. Meetings were organized at political party conferences and at the Trade Union Congress, providing platforms for exiled liberation movement leaders.
The same was true of developing close relations with (mainly Labour controlled) local authorities which in the 1980s led to the establishment of a powerful ‘Local Authority Action Against Apartheid’ movement and the adoption of comprehensive local anti-apartheid policies and activities.
Consolidation of its organizational base was an important first step and this was manifest in the increasing participation in the AAM's work by youth and students, trade unions, and local political parties, among others. By the 1970s, the great majority of the nations of the world had ceased having trade and other economic and political contacts with the apartheid regime. It is the product of almost two decades of research and includes analyses, chronologies, historical documents, and interviews from the apartheid and post-apartheid eras. More successful than these attempts to change government policies directly were the campaigns such as the sports boycott, cultural boycott, and academic boycott aimed at changing public opinion and gaining public support for pressure on the Government. Captured in 1962, Mandela and other leaders were sentenced to life in prison by South African authorities in 1964. Towards the end of 1974 Royal Navy ships began a second round of joint exercises with South African forces. Secondly, South Africa was regarded as an important military outpost of the western anti-Soviet alliance during the Cold War, in particular as a deterrent to Soviet naval expansion in the Indian Ocean. This paper was presented by the Anti-Apartheid Movement at a conference on "Southern Africa in the 1980's," held in London on June 26, 1979, to review the work of the AAM since its foundation in 1959 and to consider the tasks ahead. By December 1959 a special committee had been established, representing some 20 organizations, to launch a national boycott campaign, the Boycott Movement. Archives Committee.] The Movement campaigned strenuously for a reaffirmation of NIBMAR, ("No Independence Before Majority Rule"), numerous meetings were held and interviews took place with Commonwealth High Commissioners or their representatives to discuss the Rhodesian issue. It quickly identified its aims: ‘to inform the people of Britain about apartheid…; to campaign for international action to help bring the system of apartheid to an end; [and] to cooperate with and support South African organisations campaigning against apartheid.’ [1]. These perceptions and the resulting policies doubtlessly played a crucial role in the development of United Nations policy towards apartheid and in the united stand of the African States and many other nations for world-wide sanctions against South Africa. 123-144. But a kind of undeclared war has been going on for some time - against Angola, Mozambique and Zambia - either directly or through the Rhodesian armed forces. South Africa expanded its military intervention, both overtly and covertly, in the wars against the forces of liberation in Rhodesia, Angola and Mozambique.
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This has become a political force of considerable influence, especially in the Western countries, and is now manifested in the campaigns against trade, investment and other forms of support for the apartheid rulers. Conferences on "The Crisis in Southern Africa" were held in Manchester, Birmingham and London. These two major campaigns were carried out alongside the continuing work of the AAM to extend the boycott and to isolate South Africa in every field. Unit 6: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of Democracy, South African History Online: Towards a People’s History, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Until that time the work had been done on an ad hoc basis; now that the structure was established the scope of the Movement's campaigning work expanded. This resource is hosted by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, but was compiled and authored by Padraig O’Malley.
Foundation reports widely publicized the abuses in South Africa, and funding from foundations such as Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller helped to build grassroots organizations that called for international …